WEBVTT 00:10.450 --> 00:12.850 OK, great, great to have you here. 00:13.140 --> 00:17.830 Now we're going to go into the philosophical parts here, and what I'm going to start with is that I'm 00:17.830 --> 00:22.630 going to walk through basically everything we're going to talk about in this section, but it's just 00:22.630 --> 00:28.200 one in one lecture so that you can get a feel about where we're heading in this section. 00:28.540 --> 00:32.680 And also, as I said in the gold section, there are actually two ways of taking this course. 00:33.820 --> 00:38.860 So you can dive into this material in detail now or you can wait with a little bit of data to after 00:38.860 --> 00:39.880 you've done the practical parts. 00:40.180 --> 00:44.680 And hence, therefore, it would be good to get an overview, at least for what this section is about. 00:45.820 --> 00:50.490 So let's start with a quote, and this is one of my heroes from philosophy. 00:50.530 --> 00:53.560 So John Searle, professor in philosophy in Berkeley. 00:54.730 --> 00:55.570 So he's saying this. 00:56.200 --> 01:00.610 How do we get from electrons to elections and from protons to precedent's? 01:01.150 --> 01:08.530 Our task is to give an account of how we live in exactly one world and how all of these phenomena from 01:08.530 --> 01:14.650 quarks and gravitational attraction to cocktail parties and governments are part of that one world. 01:15.640 --> 01:20.030 And basically that what this section is going to talk about and explain. 01:21.100 --> 01:26.680 So what John Searle is saying here is how are we coming from the brute facts? 01:26.680 --> 01:31.810 How are we going from the brute facts like stones from rocks and beaches and trees and gravitational 01:31.810 --> 01:39.160 forces to this to social facts, to accounts and birthday parties and university degrees and agreements 01:39.160 --> 01:40.210 and institutions? 01:40.970 --> 01:41.900 How do you do that? 01:42.970 --> 01:50.980 So the thing is that by envisioning new concepts and then declaring them using our language, then getting 01:50.980 --> 01:57.130 a collective acceptance on their validity and then assigning them to already accepted facts, using 01:57.130 --> 02:04.330 declarations and getting a collective acceptance on the assignment, we are actually creating new social 02:04.330 --> 02:06.460 facts like an agreement. 02:07.330 --> 02:15.130 And then recursively we do that again and again and again and again, creating even more complex structures 02:15.130 --> 02:16.110 of social facts. 02:18.310 --> 02:24.610 What I mean when I say social fact that so as I said, so we have like brute facts, human beings, 02:24.610 --> 02:28.300 bacteria, Sun Mountains, Earth and rivers. 02:28.930 --> 02:31.270 So they exist independently to us. 02:31.930 --> 02:32.260 Right. 02:33.250 --> 02:38.170 Then we have like things that exist because we are using them and treating them in a certain way. 02:38.480 --> 02:43.690 So like hammers and tables and computers and screwdrivers, forks, energies and transmitters, they 02:43.690 --> 02:45.160 are tools that we are using. 02:45.520 --> 02:47.710 We don't need the language to declare them. 02:49.090 --> 02:55.300 But then we have all those other things like university degrees, birthday parties, precedent's money, 02:55.300 --> 02:56.730 loan insurance. 02:57.610 --> 03:01.900 So they are status functions and social facts, you know, real world. 03:01.900 --> 03:07.120 And if you think about it, most of the stuff that we are handing when we are doing product development, 03:07.120 --> 03:14.770 business development and inventing new ideas are actually trying to envision new social concepts and 03:14.790 --> 03:17.950 assigning them in the world and hence getting social facts. 03:19.870 --> 03:24.850 So let's take a concrete example and run through all the things that we're going to talk about. 03:25.450 --> 03:30.210 And I'll use the famous example that John Zarrella is using all the time here, because I think it's 03:30.650 --> 03:32.050 it's such a good example. 03:33.190 --> 03:40.390 So if you take a one dollar bill and you carefully read what is stated on it, you see this this note 03:40.390 --> 03:44.410 is legal tender for old depth's, public and private. 03:45.580 --> 03:47.380 That is actually a declaration. 03:48.850 --> 03:52.390 And I will now go through how important that declaration it. 03:52.510 --> 03:59.110 Maybe not exactly that is stated exactly in this way, but how important declarations are in general. 04:01.930 --> 04:06.340 So we start off with some paper, and this is an object. 04:08.830 --> 04:14.470 And then we have concepts about what a paper is, and we might also have a reference in our mind to 04:14.470 --> 04:18.190 this specific instance, which is an instance of the concept of paper. 04:20.490 --> 04:27.030 We can also have properties assigned to this concept, and it isn't the same color, for example, so 04:27.030 --> 04:34.710 saying that we have a color of brown and we say that this paper is actually brown and it's a brute fact 04:34.710 --> 04:36.840 that this paper is a brown paper. 04:36.990 --> 04:37.310 Right. 04:40.990 --> 04:46.870 This is called our propositional content, so we have the connections up in our mind between the paper, 04:47.890 --> 04:54.460 the concept of color and the reference to this specific paper, and that becomes a propositional content 04:54.550 --> 04:57.290 in what is called an intentional state. 04:57.310 --> 04:59.530 And in this case, it might be a belief. 04:59.540 --> 05:07.240 So I believe that this is a brown paper that I can actually state that using language. 05:07.400 --> 05:09.960 I can say this paper is brown. 05:11.050 --> 05:19.450 Then I made a statement and I use terms in my statement to refer to both the concrete object out there 05:19.660 --> 05:23.500 and the concept of paper that I have in my mind. 05:26.300 --> 05:34.970 This statement is included in what is called a speech act, and this speech is the force by which I'm 05:34.970 --> 05:38.050 saying this statement and this case is an assertion. 05:38.300 --> 05:43.700 So I am asserting my belief that I have in my mind about this object out in the world. 05:46.680 --> 05:53.160 However, and here's the strange thing, no one can start envisioning other concepts up in my mind so 05:53.160 --> 05:59.210 I can envision something called money and I can connect that to my notion about paper. 06:00.450 --> 06:06.630 And that becomes another intentional state and that could I like believe and desires and so on about 06:06.630 --> 06:08.430 that propositional content. 06:10.580 --> 06:17.710 And then I can express that so I can say paper count is money, and that is also speech act. 06:17.990 --> 06:27.080 But the difference here is that that is a declaration because it won't exist until other people have 06:27.080 --> 06:33.050 collectively recognized my statement because it's not intrinsically money. 06:33.440 --> 06:35.150 You're still just a piece of paper. 06:35.270 --> 06:35.530 Right. 06:37.280 --> 06:43.160 So then I can say specifically that this specific object out there is money. 06:43.370 --> 06:47.930 So this specific paper should count as the costs of money that I just invented. 06:48.350 --> 06:51.410 And that is also a speech act, which is a declaration. 06:52.100 --> 06:59.870 And now I have signed this what is called a status function on top of this piece of paper and made it 06:59.870 --> 07:06.910 into money if and only if other people agree with me that this is money. 07:06.950 --> 07:09.370 So they also think that this is money. 07:09.770 --> 07:12.050 And the second person also think it's money. 07:12.740 --> 07:20.120 And importantly, they have an intention of state about my intention on state and others, intentional 07:20.120 --> 07:20.900 state thinking. 07:20.900 --> 07:23.180 It's not only me that think that this is money. 07:23.840 --> 07:26.360 I actually think that you think that this is money. 07:26.540 --> 07:32.210 And I think that you think that this is money and this is called collective intentionality. 07:34.040 --> 07:41.600 And when this happened, when that happens, then we have created a social fact that this piece of money, 07:41.810 --> 07:44.450 this piece of paper becomes money. 07:46.280 --> 07:50.630 And basically that is what this whole section is about. 07:50.630 --> 07:56.600 I'm going to go through the meter concepts that I am now with written out in this small diagram here. 07:56.810 --> 08:05.510 We're going to dig into into detail and talk a lot more about how this is possible at all and how it 08:05.510 --> 08:09.140 works when we are creating social realities and with social realities. 08:09.140 --> 08:15.580 As I said, I mean, basically any type of product, business institution, I.T. systems, software 08:15.590 --> 08:17.030 solution and so on. 08:21.010 --> 08:27.100 And once we have done that with one specific concept, then recursion does the rest for us, so then 08:27.100 --> 08:28.380 we can continue doing that. 08:28.390 --> 08:33.890 I can continue inventing and envisioning new concepts and get a collective recognition on that. 08:34.420 --> 08:38.810 So I we have invented this new concept. 08:38.810 --> 08:42.270 The money, of course, is not new, but I think I understand my example here. 08:43.630 --> 08:49.210 I can do an invention that we have something called an alter, which is a role and an author to write 08:49.210 --> 08:49.810 posts. 08:50.200 --> 08:54.900 And readers could read the Post and we could also comment on it. 08:55.840 --> 09:01.600 We could say that we have ads that are connected to this post and every time a reader read the Post, 09:01.600 --> 09:05.530 they actually get an ad impression of the ad included. 09:06.310 --> 09:11.500 And if they click on, it will have a relation between the click and the ad impression that becomes 09:11.500 --> 09:17.300 the click through rate for that ad and that would generate money and so on. 09:17.590 --> 09:27.030 So we are then creating ever growing systems of concepts and all those are social concepts. 09:27.280 --> 09:31.240 And when we assign them in the world, they become social facts. 09:33.480 --> 09:40.450 And this is the way we're creating all of social reality products, businesses and institutions. 09:41.430 --> 09:47.850 So in this section, I'm going to go through this in a particular order, and that's related to something 09:47.850 --> 09:50.040 that is called the Ogden's Richards triangle. 09:51.390 --> 09:56.900 And in that triangle, you'd separate between Canada three different areas within philosophy. 09:57.210 --> 10:03.710 So it's the philosophy of metaphysics that's on bits out in the world. 10:04.110 --> 10:10.110 It's the philosophy of mind what is going up in our heads, in our minds, and it's the philosophy of 10:10.110 --> 10:10.650 language. 10:11.250 --> 10:17.520 They form a triangle and they are very much interdependent, exactly as I showed you when we walked 10:17.520 --> 10:18.120 through this. 10:18.120 --> 10:20.940 So we're having statements and speech act in our language. 10:21.090 --> 10:26.310 We have very intentional states up their own minds and we have objects and properties and facts out 10:26.310 --> 10:26.910 in the world. 10:29.390 --> 10:35.390 So if we just look at the concept that we walk through and these are the concept that we're going to 10:35.390 --> 10:44.180 dig into detail into in this section, we have objects and they are instances of concepts and concepts 10:44.180 --> 10:47.660 referred to other concepts and all sorts of different types of relations. 10:48.950 --> 10:57.920 We have terms that reference the objects and we have also other terms that reference concepts like predicates. 10:59.920 --> 11:07.450 We have propositions that are connecting concepts together, and they referrals also two objects. 11:09.820 --> 11:17.530 And the intentional states contains a propositional content and intentional states actually depend on 11:17.530 --> 11:23.950 other intentional states in a network, and they also depends on what is called background abilities, 11:23.980 --> 11:26.290 which I'm going to talk about in the section later on. 11:28.780 --> 11:36.640 The speech acts in the language, they are a result of our intentional states, and the Speech Act includes 11:36.640 --> 11:41.950 a statement which connects predicates and references out to objects. 11:47.240 --> 11:53.090 And then we could actually have propositional content in intentional states that are referring to other 11:53.090 --> 11:57.650 people's intentional states, and that's when we get collective intentionality. 11:57.870 --> 11:58.490 I showed you. 12:02.010 --> 12:10.440 There is properties on objects, which is a type of a concept, so we are assigning properties to objects 12:10.800 --> 12:16.350 and properties are, for example, functions and relations or single properties like colors and so on. 12:17.910 --> 12:22.410 So the properties are actually exemplified and imposed on the objects. 12:23.520 --> 12:31.770 And in fact, is something out in the world when an object exemplifies a property or more properties 12:31.770 --> 12:33.600 or stand in relation to other objects. 12:36.460 --> 12:40.090 And the fact is, what makes the proposition true? 12:42.330 --> 12:42.960 OK, good. 12:43.140 --> 12:50.370 So this was basically a walk through on what is going to go on in the whole next section, and then 12:50.370 --> 12:53.430 we're going into all those concepts and much, much more detailed.