WEBVTT 00:10.840 --> 00:12.670 OK, welcome back again. 00:13.330 --> 00:19.180 So now we have run through actually all of the lectures connected to this first corner in the Richards 00:19.180 --> 00:23.320 triangle and now we're going into the second corner, which is about language. 00:24.790 --> 00:29.230 So as I said, the three different corners actually relate to three different areas within philosophy. 00:29.230 --> 00:31.340 So the first was kind of the philosophy of mind part. 00:31.840 --> 00:36.250 Now we're going into philosophy of language and later it's going to be a little bit of what is called 00:36.250 --> 00:36.940 metaphysics. 00:39.490 --> 00:45.490 Yeah, so and this is going to be an overview lecture and then in the same manner that we did on the 00:45.490 --> 00:50.650 philosophy of mind part is going to be a number of different lecture touching on on different subjects 00:50.650 --> 00:52.010 within the philosophy of language part. 00:53.980 --> 01:00.880 So let's start let's start with a very kind of dry definition about what language is. 01:01.630 --> 01:09.970 So language is the systematic creation, maintenance and use of systems of symbols which dynamically 01:09.970 --> 01:16.900 reference concepts and assemble according to structured patterns to communicate meaning so that one 01:16.900 --> 01:22.070 actually holds a lot of important aspects about what the language is. 01:22.390 --> 01:23.850 So we take them one by one. 01:24.190 --> 01:27.690 So it's something that we do systematic is not just ad hoc. 01:27.970 --> 01:35.800 There are some rules and regulations about how our language functions and we maintain these over time. 01:35.950 --> 01:37.660 So languages evolve. 01:38.860 --> 01:43.480 So we don't speak in the same way now as we did for like 10000 years ago. 01:44.830 --> 01:47.410 And it is a system of symbols. 01:47.440 --> 01:54.000 And we're going to talk about symbols in terms of terms and also maybe characters. 01:54.310 --> 02:01.740 So we're going to talk about terms in the next lecture, actually, and they dynamically reference concepts. 02:02.020 --> 02:07.960 So here we have the relationship between what we already talked about, the concepts in our minds and 02:07.960 --> 02:09.780 what we express in our language. 02:10.090 --> 02:17.960 So the symbols reference concepts and the symbols they assemble according to do those structured rules 02:17.960 --> 02:19.210 and structural patterns. 02:19.460 --> 02:27.940 And when they do so, and following that regulates regulated framework, then they communicate the meaning. 02:30.230 --> 02:34.490 So there's a lot of important stuff here in this very dense definition. 02:38.020 --> 02:45.190 So exactly as I showed you from the very beginning, we still have this framework of the ordinary Aldrich's 02:45.190 --> 02:48.760 triangle, and we have already talked about the concept of mines. 02:48.760 --> 02:55.780 And now we're going to talk about the language part, how we express sentences and terms and so on to 02:55.780 --> 02:57.580 refer to the concepts. 02:57.970 --> 03:03.370 And then as the last subsection of this section, we're going to talk about the objects out in the real 03:03.370 --> 03:03.640 world. 03:05.200 --> 03:10.600 So you can say that there are four components to a language. 03:11.440 --> 03:16.490 It might not be that all languages have all the four components, but many of them do. 03:17.140 --> 03:19.740 So the first component is what is called phonology. 03:20.080 --> 03:27.100 So that's actually focusing on how we pronounce eight words, how we say them, and of course, then 03:27.100 --> 03:27.820 different. 03:28.180 --> 03:33.070 You have different pronunciations in different areas actually of the country and different languages 03:33.070 --> 03:33.490 as well. 03:33.500 --> 03:36.270 So my my my own language is Swedish. 03:36.520 --> 03:42.130 So of course I will pronounce it stuff in Swedish very differently from I do when I speak in English. 03:44.710 --> 03:47.380 The second component of a language is syntax. 03:48.010 --> 03:55.080 So that is the rules and regulations that describes how the words can be arranged into longer sentences. 03:57.110 --> 04:04.250 So we have all the kind of rules that you learn, maybe by heart or when you're in school, how you 04:04.250 --> 04:06.500 can combine a verb with now in the song. 04:07.850 --> 04:09.510 And then we have semantics. 04:09.530 --> 04:15.200 So the semantics is the relationship between kind of the conceptual apparatus that we talked about and 04:15.200 --> 04:15.800 the language. 04:15.830 --> 04:23.900 So that's where the meaning of the words and how words actually possibly could mean something and also 04:23.900 --> 04:25.040 maybe parts of words. 04:25.070 --> 04:28.100 So we have something called morphemes, which are smaller parts of words. 04:29.930 --> 04:32.210 And then lastly, we have pragmatics. 04:32.210 --> 04:38.750 So pragmatics is setting a more general constraint on how we use languages. 04:38.900 --> 04:46.250 How do we use language, for example, to give an order or to give in a request or to make a statement? 04:46.850 --> 04:50.900 Which types of different ways are there to use languages in? 04:53.070 --> 04:58.320 And we're going to touch upon the latter three once in this course, I'm not going to talk too much 04:58.320 --> 05:04.800 about phonology because when you're doing conceptual analysis and using modeling languages, that might 05:04.800 --> 05:08.010 not be that much of interest. 05:08.400 --> 05:10.740 But, of course, it's a very interesting subject as well. 05:10.740 --> 05:12.540 But I'm not going to touch upon that too much. 05:13.170 --> 05:14.670 But we're going to talk about syntax. 05:14.700 --> 05:20.370 We already actually talked a lot about semantics and we're going to talk about pragmatics later on as 05:20.370 --> 05:20.660 well. 05:22.950 --> 05:25.320 OK, so what do we do with the language? 05:26.490 --> 05:33.180 It's very obviously, hopefully, but we use it actually and to connect directly to what we talked about 05:33.180 --> 05:35.570 in the last lectures about intentionality. 05:36.150 --> 05:42.900 Usually we have intentional states, as I said, up in our consciousness, and we use the language to 05:42.900 --> 05:45.120 express those intentional states. 05:46.440 --> 05:52.230 And as a subset of that, when we communicate our intentional states, we also inform about how we think 05:52.230 --> 05:55.450 that the world is looking right now. 05:56.100 --> 06:02.340 So there is a direct link between the three different areas of the triangle, the three different corners. 06:02.550 --> 06:05.220 That's one very well. 06:05.370 --> 06:09.590 That was a little bit of what I wanted to talk about in this very overview section. 06:09.600 --> 06:13.170 So now I'm actually going to go through different subjects. 06:13.180 --> 06:19.500 There are located within the different areas and the different components in language I talked about. 06:19.740 --> 06:26.820 And as I said, it could be very much focus on on syntax, semantics and pragmatics and hopefully is 06:26.820 --> 06:28.050 going to be interesting and fun. 06:28.440 --> 06:30.000 I think it is good.