WEBVTT 00:11.090 --> 00:17.600 OK, so let's continue then, now we're going to talk about terms, some propositions, which is kind 00:17.600 --> 00:22.070 of part of the syntax syntax area within philosophy of language. 00:22.700 --> 00:29.210 And we're going to talk about how you can compose propositions out of terms and also a little bit about 00:29.210 --> 00:32.450 the meaning of proposition, the meaning of a sentence. 00:32.870 --> 00:39.110 I've actually already used the word proposition before and we use that when we talk about propositional 00:39.110 --> 00:42.860 content within the intentional states in our consciousness. 00:43.220 --> 00:48.620 But it's used in a little bit differently here in philosophy language. 00:48.780 --> 00:54.410 So you can actually say that they are basically kind of two different definitions about propositions 00:54.830 --> 00:57.140 which are related, but slightly different. 00:57.710 --> 01:04.400 So it could mean the content and that's when we think about the content in our minds or meaning of a 01:04.400 --> 01:10.460 meaningful, declarative something that is actually the what the sentence is referring to in our minds. 01:10.460 --> 01:10.940 Right. 01:11.780 --> 01:14.800 Or you could actually refer to the actual sentence. 01:14.810 --> 01:20.060 So that's the importance of symbols, marks or sounds that make up a meaningful, declarative sentence. 01:20.570 --> 01:28.940 So here it's both used for the the referent and the reference to thing that is referring and the thing 01:28.940 --> 01:29.840 that is referred to. 01:31.550 --> 01:33.710 But so I will use it here. 01:33.710 --> 01:37.760 But sometimes in the philosophy language, maybe it's easier just to say a sentence. 01:37.760 --> 01:40.070 But if you see a proposition here, you should know that. 01:41.750 --> 01:43.720 So what is the proposition? 01:43.730 --> 01:51.830 It's the pattern of symbols, marks or sounds, so it doesn't have to be spoken language. 01:51.990 --> 01:55.760 You can have a modeling language and that's what we're going to talk about later on this. 01:55.760 --> 02:01.040 And of course, for example, you still have symbols, but if you have a spoken language, then you 02:01.040 --> 02:09.900 have symbols in terms of terms, for example, words that make up a meaningful, declarative sentence. 02:10.070 --> 02:16.160 So in a very, very simple example, we have a proposition call is the headmaster. 02:16.850 --> 02:17.270 Right? 02:17.750 --> 02:21.440 And we have Carl is headmaster and so on. 02:21.620 --> 02:24.320 They are symbols are organized in a pattern. 02:26.970 --> 02:35.640 OK, so the symbols then or sign or term or word, depending on little bit, if it's spoken languages 02:35.640 --> 02:45.780 or not and so on, that we're talking about is the link or relationship between signified and the signifier. 02:46.800 --> 02:55.320 So what I mean with that so we take this very simple example again, would call the headmaster. 02:55.680 --> 03:00.570 This signified is some entity in the world or a concept in mind. 03:00.580 --> 03:04.860 So it doesn't have to be that we are actually signifying just the stuff out there. 03:05.190 --> 03:08.730 But we actually in connecting the stuff out there with the stuff in here. 03:09.120 --> 03:09.560 Right. 03:09.930 --> 03:12.090 So Carl is a headmaster. 03:12.100 --> 03:17.450 So Carl is actually the reference to a signified real person. 03:17.970 --> 03:23.640 So Carl is a term we used to refer to Carl, which is a person out here. 03:25.080 --> 03:33.030 But headmaster is actually referencing general term or a concept I have in my mind about a role that 03:33.030 --> 03:34.020 a person can play. 03:35.760 --> 03:42.030 So we see that this proposition here actually is signifying both something up in our minds, maybe in 03:42.030 --> 03:52.230 our collective intentionality, as we talked about, and real persons or objects out there, good terms 03:52.230 --> 03:58.470 can refer so as a term can refer to concept, however, and maybe this a very subtle thing, but I think 03:58.470 --> 03:59.280 it is important. 03:59.610 --> 04:05.280 Concepts do not have names because it's very useful. 04:05.280 --> 04:08.690 They have different terms to refer to the same concept. 04:08.730 --> 04:09.090 Right. 04:09.270 --> 04:16.860 So you can say contract agreement deal, but you refer to the same type of handshake that have been 04:16.860 --> 04:19.980 made between some legal entities. 04:21.720 --> 04:29.490 But that specific concept that you have up in your mind won't have any of those terms as Turkalo precedents 04:29.490 --> 04:30.000 term. 04:31.590 --> 04:39.690 So in what wide can you say that contract is a better name for the concept than agreement, for example? 04:40.650 --> 04:46.800 And hence there is no just one name for a concept is actually unnamed. 04:47.040 --> 04:54.060 But to be able to speak about the concepts you have at all, you must name them in use one term for 04:54.060 --> 04:58.610 them, because then otherwise you're you're out of language, so to speak. 04:58.620 --> 05:02.000 You cannot use language to describe your thoughts. 05:03.390 --> 05:08.260 So we can equally is it's very, very, very common, I should say. 05:08.260 --> 05:15.360 And it's very it's also a very common source for misunderstanding that we use different terms, but 05:15.360 --> 05:21.750 we refer to the same concept and this is actually called synonyms. 05:21.750 --> 05:24.600 So maybe you probably already know that. 05:24.930 --> 05:28.940 But there is a mirrored version of synonyms, which are called homonyms as well. 05:29.280 --> 05:33.720 So in the synonyms case, we have the same concept, but we have different words. 05:33.720 --> 05:41.790 So we can say child offspring, kid, all referring to this concept of what a kid is bound by. 05:41.910 --> 05:44.090 We can also do the American version of that. 05:44.100 --> 05:51.110 That is when we actually are using the same term, but to refer to different things depending on context 05:51.450 --> 06:00.360 so we can say left in the term, meaning that I left yesterday a little bit early, but I may be left 06:00.360 --> 06:01.140 to the right. 06:02.280 --> 06:05.790 And then I also mean left in terms of the opposite to right. 06:08.580 --> 06:10.710 So that is kind of a homonym. 06:10.710 --> 06:17.730 And both homonyms are synonyms, are very common sources for misunderstanding when you're doing conceptual 06:17.730 --> 06:21.580 analysis or trying to communicate or trying to learn a new area or something like that. 06:21.870 --> 06:23.100 So you should be aware of them. 06:23.460 --> 06:28.770 And they are related to the fact that concepts as such don't have names. 06:29.040 --> 06:30.600 It's the terms that we use. 06:31.230 --> 06:31.380 They.