WEBVTT 00:11.120 --> 00:17.600 Lastly, there is another thing about languages, and that is a little bit related to the theory theory 00:17.600 --> 00:19.150 of concepts that we talked about. 00:19.490 --> 00:28.100 So William, one Aumann Quine, very famous philosopher also and hero of mine from last century. 00:28.550 --> 00:32.090 I was talking about something called the Indeterminacy of Translation. 00:32.360 --> 00:35.660 And yet again, they're using very funny examples. 00:35.660 --> 00:37.250 He was using the example of a rabbit. 00:38.090 --> 00:41.990 And I will go through on a very, very high level. 00:41.990 --> 00:50.450 Of course, his his main problem and he's written up in a very good book called Word and Object. 00:54.350 --> 00:58.910 So the example here is that you're out in the bush somewhere. 00:59.510 --> 01:02.980 You're with this native speaker of an unknown language called Arunta. 01:03.830 --> 01:07.450 And there is the rabbit just passing by you. 01:07.470 --> 01:08.480 It's a very high speed. 01:08.600 --> 01:13.370 And this native speaker, he just yells out, go back. 01:13.370 --> 01:15.170 I got my guy. 01:16.730 --> 01:19.430 And you're an English speaker and you don't know a bit. 01:19.640 --> 01:27.200 Arunta, how should you even start trying to translate this statement? 01:28.670 --> 01:34.430 You could think that he's saying a rabbit like Bud. 01:35.390 --> 01:42.260 What's hindering you for instead thinking that he's saying low food, like something to eat or let's 01:42.260 --> 01:49.040 go hunting or a momentary rabbit stage or there will be a storm tonight. 01:49.970 --> 01:57.200 Maybe there's a connection in the religion about that and an unretouched rabbit part because you're 01:57.200 --> 01:58.690 only seeing part of the rabbit, right? 01:58.700 --> 01:59.750 You aren't seeing the whole thing. 02:02.120 --> 02:08.120 So is there a way to determine whether you ever can translate anything? 02:08.540 --> 02:16.670 Because you need to start at this very common ground level where you actually share the same experience 02:16.670 --> 02:20.150 about the world but is using languages very differently. 02:20.390 --> 02:23.540 And if you think about this, this is not related to that. 02:23.540 --> 02:24.890 You cannot speak Arunta. 02:25.910 --> 02:30.940 It's the same thing for any kid, for any child that are trying to learn any language. 02:31.400 --> 02:37.340 So how could we then know that we are ever using the languages in the same way? 02:37.730 --> 02:40.940 How can we know that we actually could translate between each other? 02:41.360 --> 02:49.160 And as a business consultant when I'm out and different corporations and helping that out, I see this 02:49.160 --> 02:56.960 very, very often that even people from different departments are using a little bit different versions 02:56.960 --> 03:02.900 of their nomenclature of their language and aren't actually translating 100 percent between each other, 03:02.900 --> 03:08.930 even if they're using exactly the same language and ends up in a lot of misunderstandings and a lot 03:09.140 --> 03:12.270 of work that needs to be done. 03:14.000 --> 03:17.990 So this is a common problem related to all languages. 03:19.460 --> 03:26.420 We could be better on it to try to be more precise and more clear when we talk and communicate, but 03:26.420 --> 03:27.500 we'll never get around it. 03:29.090 --> 03:33.590 And it's a little bit, as I said, related to the theory of the concept that we talked about, that 03:33.590 --> 03:35.510 how could we ever have the same concept? 03:38.020 --> 03:38.390 Good. 03:39.190 --> 03:45.550 So that was the end of this lecture about the terms and propositions and the sentence meaning. 03:46.090 --> 03:51.490 So now going into a new area, which is about speech act, which is very much related to intentionality 03:51.490 --> 03:53.320 and intentional states that we're talking about. 03:54.100 --> 03:55.600 See you there by.