WEBVTT 00:10.300 --> 00:15.190 OK, off we go then, and we're in the third corner, and this is the first subject, we're going to 00:15.190 --> 00:21.040 talk about a very kind of heavy subject area, its subjects and more generically, we're going to talk 00:21.040 --> 00:22.000 about existence. 00:22.030 --> 00:28.330 So objects exists and therefore we need to touch upon the very important concept that the concept about 00:28.330 --> 00:28.960 existence. 00:30.340 --> 00:37.910 I'm going to go into a number of different issues related to existence and also try to make the the 00:38.050 --> 00:42.490 term existence a little bit more clear and maybe also a little bit more problematic. 00:44.470 --> 00:46.610 So let's but let's start simple. 00:46.630 --> 00:51.990 What objects are there out there in the world if we think about them? 00:52.000 --> 00:59.260 And if you think about that objects exist, we think that this word existence is quite familiar for 00:59.260 --> 00:59.490 us. 00:59.890 --> 01:01.030 We have quite easy. 01:02.680 --> 01:05.890 The word existence is something that we feel very familiar with. 01:06.490 --> 01:11.260 But also when we start trying to think about where it is, it becomes very elusive. 01:13.510 --> 01:20.590 If we think about just concrete objects like material stuff, you can you can have your hands on them, 01:21.190 --> 01:26.380 then it's very easy, of course, to think about like small rocks or stones here or a tree or actually 01:26.380 --> 01:26.860 a car. 01:28.660 --> 01:36.160 But really, if you think about what things that we tend to think exists or treat us, they exist. 01:36.170 --> 01:37.670 There's a lot more out there. 01:37.810 --> 01:44.350 So we also think that, for example, events and numbers and products and agreements and so on and so 01:44.350 --> 01:45.720 on also exists. 01:45.910 --> 01:52.060 You have a degree, for example, and you think that this degree exists even if it's not on paper and 01:52.070 --> 01:52.920 still exist. 01:53.020 --> 01:53.410 Right. 01:55.000 --> 01:56.770 And you have made an agreement here. 01:56.980 --> 02:03.520 But what is about those two hands are shaking that makes that to count as an agreement. 02:04.880 --> 02:09.800 And this is very it's a little bit harder because there's nothing you can take on, you can take on 02:09.800 --> 02:13.730 the hounds, but you don't take on the agreement if you just touch the hands. 02:13.730 --> 02:14.090 Right. 02:15.710 --> 02:20.150 So maybe it's anything. 02:20.910 --> 02:24.170 So anything that we think is an object might be an object. 02:24.470 --> 02:29.000 So anything that may be presented to the mind could be an object of thought. 02:31.590 --> 02:40.650 But that's also very, very generic, so I would like to go into some different aspects of it is being 02:40.650 --> 02:43.620 an object and also what existence is about here. 02:43.950 --> 02:48.690 And then we'll see in the end of this whole corner actually what we can do with it. 02:50.730 --> 02:53.460 So it started with the simple one, start with concrete objects. 02:53.730 --> 02:58.700 So concrete objects have only spatiotemporal properties. 02:58.720 --> 02:59.680 And what do we mean by that? 02:59.700 --> 03:03.570 So spacially is about space and temporal is about time. 03:03.990 --> 03:12.060 So what we mean is that they are are out they are in the space and in some sense, so they occupy space 03:12.060 --> 03:12.810 in some sense. 03:13.920 --> 03:17.940 And they also exist for a little while longer period than just a nanosecond. 03:18.390 --> 03:21.180 Usually that's what we tend to think, at least if they're objects. 03:22.620 --> 03:29.340 So if I had a rock in my hand a second ago, I probably will also think that I will have this rock in 03:29.340 --> 03:31.260 my hand a couple of seconds after this. 03:34.140 --> 03:40.350 So the most natural thing here are to think about like natural objects, like mountains and trees and 03:40.350 --> 03:42.750 rocks, etc., of course, as concrete objects. 03:43.320 --> 03:49.540 But of course, there are more things that are also very concrete and also have spatiotemporal properties. 03:50.160 --> 03:53.280 Think about the human material objects out there in the world. 03:56.140 --> 04:02.190 But do they actually exist in the same way as the natural objects, think about this woman here. 04:02.620 --> 04:08.440 So is this woman, even if she's always travelling upside down, if she's still a woman. 04:10.680 --> 04:15.270 I will tend to say yes and that she is a woman, but she is always upside down, which is a little strange 04:15.270 --> 04:17.910 maybe, but she is in this situation. 04:17.910 --> 04:18.150 Right. 04:18.480 --> 04:20.740 But then take this second example. 04:21.180 --> 04:26.860 So is this still a table, even if it's always placed upside down and stuck to the floor? 04:28.660 --> 04:29.010 Hmm. 04:29.690 --> 04:30.890 Maybe not. 04:30.900 --> 04:38.220 I would say because I cannot use it as a table, but as soon it is placed in the right on his legs, 04:38.220 --> 04:40.650 so to speak, then it is a table. 04:40.920 --> 04:46.470 If I just put it upside down for one second, then I probably think it's a table as well. 04:46.770 --> 04:52.520 But if it's always upside down and it's actually stuck to the floor, then maybe not on the table anymore. 04:53.640 --> 05:01.680 So even spatiotemporal objects on concrete objects is also tied to something else than just the spatiotemporal 05:02.760 --> 05:03.620 aspect of it. 05:06.300 --> 05:12.780 So no one will talk about the word is a little bit, because this is what we use to denote existence, 05:13.530 --> 05:20.430 but we also use the word to denote different other things that is not directly related to existence. 05:20.430 --> 05:25.470 So therefore, it could be good to delve into a little bit of the details of the different usages of 05:25.470 --> 05:26.070 the word is. 05:29.460 --> 05:32.940 So the first use of it is actually existence. 05:33.720 --> 05:36.150 The second use of it is identity. 05:36.690 --> 05:43.570 The third use of the word is is predication and the fourth uses for general implication. 05:43.590 --> 05:45.440 I would go through four different examples here. 05:45.450 --> 05:47.450 So you understand what I'm what I mean with that. 05:48.060 --> 05:51.420 So we take the is out of existence first. 05:52.230 --> 05:53.510 Socrates is. 05:54.030 --> 05:58.970 So that's a very common sentence in philosophy as well. 05:59.340 --> 06:04.860 So the only thing we're saying here is that there is a man called Socrates or there's something called 06:04.860 --> 06:05.430 Socrates. 06:05.640 --> 06:11.670 And you do know that if you're using predicate logic here, you will say that it exists in X so that 06:11.670 --> 06:13.050 X equals Socrates. 06:14.720 --> 06:21.500 OK, so that's the gist of existence, then we have the issue of identity, and that's a little bit 06:21.500 --> 06:21.880 different. 06:21.890 --> 06:25.930 And here's also a very, very common philosophy, philosophical example. 06:26.390 --> 06:28.460 So we're saying that Hesperus is phosphorous. 06:28.460 --> 06:33.170 I don't know if you Hesperus and Prospero's is, but Hesperus and Phosphorus Theming Star in the Morning 06:33.170 --> 06:33.580 Star. 06:33.630 --> 06:40.640 I never remember which, though, but, uh, so in the back in the old days, they call them Hesperus 06:40.640 --> 06:43.070 Phosphorus and they actually thought they were two different objects. 06:43.370 --> 06:45.890 Then we found out that they were actually the same. 06:45.960 --> 06:48.140 It's the morning star in the evening starts the same thing. 06:49.100 --> 06:53.800 So we and it's not even a star, but I mean, you know that as well. 06:54.110 --> 06:59.850 But so then we actually are saying that Hesperus equals phosphorus. 06:59.870 --> 07:01.970 So then we talking about identity. 07:01.970 --> 07:05.750 So here we OzEmail actually only have two different words for the same object. 07:06.980 --> 07:10.910 And then we can talk about is for in terms of predication. 07:11.090 --> 07:14.750 So we can say that Socrates is why that is not saying that Socrates exists. 07:14.900 --> 07:22.190 That is saying that Socrates have a property, which is an instance of a general concept called wiseness 07:22.190 --> 07:29.510 or a general term so that we could, you know, do some pretty good logic as this. 07:29.510 --> 07:31.330 So wise, Socrates. 07:32.030 --> 07:38.000 So there is a function here for wiseness and Socrates is having property. 07:41.240 --> 07:47.570 And then the fourth one is the is some general indication, so here we are using is are on general terms 07:47.570 --> 07:48.590 or concepts. 07:49.730 --> 07:58.130 So we can say the man is an animal, what we don't mean is that are for all X, if X is a man, then 07:58.130 --> 07:59.750 X is also an animal. 08:00.690 --> 08:07.770 So that's a general implication and we will we have different ways of modeling all those types of things 08:08.010 --> 08:10.350 using the model language we can talk about later. 08:10.530 --> 08:12.180 This is called actually inheritance. 08:12.720 --> 08:16.440 So, man, a subset of all animals. 08:18.770 --> 08:25.160 So that's the four different usages of the term, yes, which could be a little bit good to have a couple 08:25.160 --> 08:25.500 of minutes. 08:28.130 --> 08:35.750 The other thing that is very common to talk about when talking about objects is that objects usually 08:35.750 --> 08:37.070 are not just simple. 08:37.370 --> 08:39.340 They could be complexes of objects. 08:39.740 --> 08:41.720 So you can have objects out of objects. 08:42.860 --> 08:49.130 And that is called either of the whole area that is handling this in philosophy is called Mary, Mary, 08:50.270 --> 08:52.700 Mary ology, sorry, biology. 08:53.780 --> 08:57.650 And the it's also called aggregation. 08:58.010 --> 09:01.240 And you can call it whole part of it. 09:01.250 --> 09:04.010 So you have a whole part relationship between different objects. 09:04.310 --> 09:10.850 So one is a part of a larger whole and you can call that a larger whole is aggregating smaller parts 09:10.850 --> 09:11.240 as well. 09:13.340 --> 09:21.050 But the interesting thing here, which is kind of poses the logical problem here, is that when it's 09:21.050 --> 09:24.080 an object composed of parts, that is not that simple. 09:24.080 --> 09:26.870 Actually, let's look at a couple of examples. 09:26.870 --> 09:29.300 You will see that it becomes very, very hard to say. 09:32.110 --> 09:34.180 Do they need to be in contact, for example? 09:37.160 --> 09:44.390 Do they actually have to have physical contact to be a part of the whole let's look at that, but that 09:44.390 --> 09:49.310 means that if that is the case, then an item is not an object, right? 09:49.880 --> 09:52.810 Because it's kind of that's the nature of an object. 09:53.180 --> 09:59.420 The electrons can never actually touches on each other and they've been never touched to the core, 09:59.690 --> 10:02.000 you know, in the in the atom. 10:02.510 --> 10:03.530 So they will never meet. 10:03.530 --> 10:07.010 And hence an object, an atom wouldn't be an object in that case. 10:07.010 --> 10:07.730 And that's wrong. 10:07.770 --> 10:08.180 Right. 10:08.600 --> 10:12.050 So we cannot have it conditionally that they need to be in contact. 10:13.020 --> 10:18.140 But let's say then that they need to be with some force. 10:18.140 --> 10:20.840 Why collectively fastened to each other? 10:22.050 --> 10:25.310 OK, but how much fast and must it be to each other? 10:25.860 --> 10:32.220 So if we have this and we call this a deck of cards, yeah, we think of that as one object. 10:33.000 --> 10:35.750 But is it still a deck of cards? 10:35.760 --> 10:40.290 If I spread them around, we tend to think, yeah, it's still a deck of cards. 10:40.290 --> 10:44.730 We're playing with one deck of cards, but we have those 52 different parts and there are many different 10:44.730 --> 10:45.810 places at the same time. 10:47.470 --> 10:49.980 OK, still that one deck of cards. 10:50.130 --> 10:50.490 Right. 10:52.450 --> 10:54.410 Or we have this to woman thing. 10:54.420 --> 10:59.310 So if two people shake hands and their fingers stuck, are they then one object? 10:59.910 --> 11:03.380 If they stuck for a very long time, I would say definitely not. 11:03.990 --> 11:08.870 I will definitely say that they are still two different winners here, two different women. 11:11.010 --> 11:13.530 So maybe there are no composite objects at all. 11:14.550 --> 11:18.950 That's one conclusion to come to only marry a logical simples. 11:18.960 --> 11:20.430 And that's the term to use here. 11:20.430 --> 11:26.220 If there are no composition's out there, then they're just simple, small, small, small objects. 11:26.970 --> 11:30.000 But that is also very problematic. 11:30.000 --> 11:35.070 Right, because if there is only a small, small, small simples, then there are no human beings at 11:35.070 --> 11:35.450 all. 11:36.120 --> 11:38.360 So where is the identity then? 11:39.030 --> 11:45.690 So how could a human being actually exist with an identity if there's only the smallest, smallest, 11:45.690 --> 11:48.530 smallest, mean all or equal symbols to actually exist? 11:48.990 --> 11:56.160 So we have a very natural way of looking upon our identity and ourselves as a person that we are actually 11:56.160 --> 11:57.920 a composition of a lot of objects. 11:58.810 --> 12:05.700 OK, but what we're trying to find here is if there is one general rule to say when an object consists 12:05.700 --> 12:12.660 of other objects, so this becomes a little bit hard to think about, you see that directly. 12:13.020 --> 12:17.940 So the thing that we thought was very, very simple when we started this lecture about those concrete 12:17.940 --> 12:21.380 objects already now start to be very elusive. 12:21.870 --> 12:23.640 What really existence about. 12:24.700 --> 12:32.260 If you take this from a completely different angle and not focusing on objects, maybe it is the way 12:32.260 --> 12:38.500 that existence is just a second level feature that applies to concepts and not objects at all. 12:39.130 --> 12:48.290 So maybe we are saying that the we're looking on the concept of car and say, does the car have instances? 12:48.310 --> 12:55.360 So this is a little bit related also to when we talked about conceptual anatomies, Atomism in the philosophy 12:55.360 --> 12:56.220 of mind section. 12:57.010 --> 13:03.460 So to say that something exist is to say that a concept has instances that not since. 13:05.190 --> 13:09.690 That means if you have that way of looking at it, that it's in the concert. 13:09.720 --> 13:17.460 So in this way, the existence of a composition is dependent on the concepts we have and not a specific 13:17.460 --> 13:19.000 feature of the physical object. 13:19.350 --> 13:23.030 So it's not actually the case that objects are composed of our object. 13:23.250 --> 13:28.140 It's the case that we have concepts that tend to associate with other concepts. 13:28.330 --> 13:34.950 And when we find instances for that whole kind of graph, we tend to also think those instances as composed 13:34.950 --> 13:35.580 of each other. 13:37.070 --> 13:39.840 And this yeah, this is a famous also example. 13:39.840 --> 13:44.070 I don't know if you want what you see, you can see a rabbit, for example. 13:45.460 --> 13:52.580 Looking in to the right, or you can see your duck looking to your left. 13:53.470 --> 13:54.950 So what is the object here? 13:55.540 --> 14:00.970 Is this a duck or is it a rabbit or is it the famous duck rabbit? 14:02.440 --> 14:07.840 So where do you have the the the is the existence criteria here? 14:07.870 --> 14:10.620 Is it on the object or is it on the. 14:12.820 --> 14:14.140 Uh, the concept. 14:18.150 --> 14:28.440 Or take this example, so we have ABC, right, we tend to think that the middle the middle character 14:28.440 --> 14:33.000 here, the middle letter is a B, right? 14:33.510 --> 14:39.900 It's a B in the same way that soccer does is that we have an existence of a letter B here. 14:41.490 --> 14:41.850 Right. 14:42.150 --> 14:42.730 Like that. 14:43.140 --> 14:46.590 But isn't that quite contextualized? 14:47.400 --> 14:51.450 Because is it still A B if I do like that. 14:53.420 --> 14:55.710 Probably not, and we think about it as 13. 14:57.200 --> 15:09.170 So how we categorize and how we say that different things exist as instances or concepts is very much 15:09.170 --> 15:16.780 related to the conceptual apparatus that we use to understand the real world. 15:18.720 --> 15:26.040 And that's Canada and discussion in this first lecture about objects, and we will come back to those 15:26.040 --> 15:27.090 problems later on. 15:27.120 --> 15:33.390 So here I'm just introducing some a little bit problematic notions about what it is to be an object 15:33.780 --> 15:35.520 and what its existence is about. 15:36.840 --> 15:37.120 Good. 15:37.430 --> 15:40.380 So now will rush into properties and relations. 15:41.460 --> 15:42.090 Silvera.