WEBVTT 00:10.180 --> 00:12.280 Very good, then let's continue. 00:13.390 --> 00:19.330 Maybe you thought that was a little bit abstract, hopefully we'll try that together later on in the 00:19.330 --> 00:20.580 summary part on this lecture. 00:20.950 --> 00:24.520 But let's go on let's talk about properties and relations. 00:25.870 --> 00:36.180 So properties are the attributes or qualities or features or characteristics of things. 00:37.150 --> 00:41.470 So we have, for example, an object or a thing here called a car. 00:42.030 --> 00:45.880 And it could be cool, it could be pink, it could be slow and so on. 00:46.870 --> 00:49.930 And that are properties of that object. 00:52.810 --> 00:54.710 So they are phenomenal. 00:54.730 --> 01:01.720 They are phenomena of interest, so properties are typically introduced to help explain or account for 01:01.720 --> 01:04.520 phenomena of philosophical interest of the thing. 01:04.870 --> 01:10.690 So if we have this thing, which is a paper that we sign signing here and we think this is an agreement, 01:11.290 --> 01:18.240 it's a property, it's identifiable, you can have multiple agreements, but each should be unique. 01:18.910 --> 01:25.370 It's have some type of temporality that it's valid for a specific date range mamy and so on. 01:25.570 --> 01:32.230 So those are properties that we use and we introduce because those are important things when it comes 01:32.230 --> 01:33.010 to agreements. 01:34.490 --> 01:41.270 So we introduced the connection between the thing and the properties when we need them, and there's 01:41.270 --> 01:46.760 a very interesting thing here, how do we know is actually properties and which properties comes up 01:46.760 --> 01:50.240 in our minds that we need to think about when it comes to a thing? 01:51.820 --> 01:59.000 And I will talk about this using what is called breakdown cases, and that's related to phenomenology 02:01.130 --> 02:07.910 and the version of it introduced by Martin Heidegger, but also then made Popper and famous, especially 02:07.910 --> 02:09.380 in the US by Bert Dreyfus. 02:10.650 --> 02:17.160 So Botrytis is and hero of mine, of course, also still going strong, also in Berkeley, in the US, 02:17.850 --> 02:21.300 still a professor, I think at least he will start a couple of years ago. 02:22.920 --> 02:28.950 And for some reason, both Martin Heidegger and Botrytis is using hammers and all the examples. 02:29.780 --> 02:32.250 That's a little bit funny with philosopher examples that I said. 02:32.640 --> 02:36.800 So just use the word use the hammer example here again. 02:36.820 --> 02:39.240 So a hammer is just perfect for me. 02:40.560 --> 02:42.120 OK, let's analyze that. 02:42.690 --> 02:47.850 So let's say that when I'm hammering along so I have this camera hammer on my house and building my 02:47.850 --> 02:54.320 house and it weighs just perfect for me, then I just hammer away. 02:54.540 --> 02:57.150 I will not think about the hammer a bit. 02:57.150 --> 03:04.710 I will think about building the house, getting the planks up, driving the nails and so on. 03:05.640 --> 03:13.710 But so I'm not hammering and at the same point thinking that this is such a perfect way to hammer. 03:14.010 --> 03:15.750 That is probably not what I'm thinking. 03:17.460 --> 03:19.380 It's just a natural part of my world. 03:19.560 --> 03:28.110 In this case, it is almost part of me because it's kind of almost an extension of what I'm what I'm 03:28.110 --> 03:28.950 trying to do. 03:29.550 --> 03:36.300 So I won't be thinking about a hammer at all if it's functioning perfect for me in that context. 03:37.170 --> 03:39.360 But let's say that something stops us. 03:41.280 --> 03:47.220 And for some reason, we stop hammering and we start contemplating the tool as such and start actually 03:47.220 --> 03:52.650 taking up a hammer and look at it or feels it, and then for some reason, it suddenly strikes me that 03:52.650 --> 03:59.280 this is actually too heavy right now for this particular job I'm going to do or it's too clumsy or whatever, 03:59.850 --> 04:03.810 because I ran into another concrete scenario, but I wanted to use it. 04:03.820 --> 04:09.780 And so for me now it's too heavy for this particular job. 04:11.230 --> 04:16.180 So and then we have more Bourges calling a breakdown case. 04:17.660 --> 04:25.010 So we contemplate on the hammer and notice the hammers in general actually could be too light, just 04:25.010 --> 04:26.830 perfect, too heavy. 04:27.230 --> 04:35.180 But still for me in relationship to what I need and who I am, they can be too light for me. 04:36.860 --> 04:39.500 But then we do welding this. 04:40.220 --> 04:43.160 So then we remove ourselves from that equation. 04:43.430 --> 04:48.940 So we remove ourselves and we attribute hammers of having weight. 04:50.030 --> 04:54.650 So that tape goes took us from kind of this just phenomenal. 04:54.650 --> 04:59.820 We're hammering away with a hammer to actually noticing that hammers her weight. 05:01.070 --> 05:07.370 The interesting thing here is that if there is no breakdown case, we wouldn't have actually found or 05:07.370 --> 05:08.590 start using that. 05:08.870 --> 05:11.920 And I will show you that in two slides from here. 05:12.340 --> 05:16.910 I mean, ninety nine point nine nine nine nine nine nine nine nine nine percent of the cases. 05:18.200 --> 05:24.530 We do not notice the properties of an object unless the object does not do its job or if we are reflecting 05:24.530 --> 05:26.000 on the nature of an object. 05:26.030 --> 05:32.750 Or actually maybe you can even say that object doesn't have a property like that if we do not if we 05:32.750 --> 05:34.260 never have a breakdown case of it. 05:35.840 --> 05:38.930 So no breakdown case, no property, for example. 05:39.050 --> 05:40.910 Domani, how the property wacht. 05:42.800 --> 05:46.560 In the old days, it did because it was very important. 05:46.580 --> 05:50.920 It was one of the main properties on our money that it had weight. 05:51.320 --> 05:56.240 And the reason for that was that it was much harder to steal money if it weighed a lot. 05:57.890 --> 06:02.880 But then we had paper money, which don't pay that much. 06:02.900 --> 06:09.380 Still, if you want to steal and rob a bank there way, but nowadays you have digital money and there's 06:09.380 --> 06:11.120 no need at all for having a property. 06:11.120 --> 06:15.740 Wait, so we wouldn't even say that digital money actually our weight anymore as a property. 06:16.070 --> 06:18.940 But back in the old days it was a very important property. 06:19.520 --> 06:26.150 So if there are no breakdown cases here where the property can make a difference, then it stops being 06:26.150 --> 06:27.710 a property on that object. 06:29.400 --> 06:38.520 OK, there's other very famous distinction to do with properties here to to make regarding properties 06:38.520 --> 06:41.760 that was done by John Locke in the in the late 7th century. 06:42.600 --> 06:46.320 So he differentiated between primary and secondary properties. 06:48.180 --> 06:54.330 So primary properties are objects are objective features of the world, which is a little bit problematic, 06:54.330 --> 06:58.470 as we saw before, but so like shape, size, mass, etc.. 06:58.470 --> 07:03.450 So this flowers flower is 20 centimetres high and so on. 07:03.780 --> 07:06.150 They are primary properties. 07:07.500 --> 07:12.810 Secondary properties are mind dependent, so colours, tastes and so on. 07:12.810 --> 07:13.620 It smells great. 07:15.240 --> 07:20.520 And also Gelo actually, because you think about a colour that is something that and they'll be when 07:20.520 --> 07:26.600 it hits our eyes for another animal who won't see yellow, they won't attribute it as being yellow. 07:29.190 --> 07:34.800 It's also sometimes called interesting and observe a relative secondary and primary. 07:35.790 --> 07:36.540 Intrinsic. 07:39.200 --> 07:48.050 So now we'll talk a little bit about relations were going to relations, so being in love is a specific 07:48.050 --> 07:49.670 type of property and why is that? 07:49.970 --> 07:54.790 Because it involves multiple objects and not just one. 07:54.800 --> 08:00.980 So that is a property which is a relation between different types of different things. 08:02.000 --> 08:06.680 So relations are a type of property. 08:09.590 --> 08:17.420 Relations are properties that exist in multiple things, the property being in love is to place relation 08:17.990 --> 08:20.830 and of course, there could be multiple police relations as well. 08:21.800 --> 08:25.190 So take an example here. 08:25.190 --> 08:27.490 So relations have a single direction. 08:28.040 --> 08:33.350 So Romeo loves Juliet and Juliet loves Romeo. 08:34.280 --> 08:34.750 Right. 08:36.180 --> 08:45.240 That is actually not the same relation, because as you know, wrongly, it could love Juliet, but 08:45.240 --> 08:48.200 it could be the way that Juliet doesn't love Romeo 08:50.730 --> 08:54.510 and they tend to have roles in that relation. 08:55.380 --> 08:57.630 So Romeo is here. 08:57.840 --> 09:00.060 He is an agent. 09:01.860 --> 09:09.740 When it comes to that, he's loving Juliet and Juliet is a patient, impatient in that relationship, 09:09.990 --> 09:12.780 and it's the opposite around in the other relation, of course. 09:16.000 --> 09:22.090 Right, or they could actually be multidirectional, as I said, so they can have a single relation 09:22.600 --> 09:23.710 in terms of love. 09:24.630 --> 09:29.250 So Romeo loves Juliet, but it could also be multidirectional. 09:29.440 --> 09:33.470 So we only have one relationship in here that they are in love. 09:34.180 --> 09:37.030 So Romeo and Juliet are in love then? 09:37.030 --> 09:38.260 We all have one relationship. 09:41.170 --> 09:45.210 We could also have relations that link more than one object, as I said. 09:45.250 --> 09:48.150 So these four people work well together. 09:48.430 --> 09:52.990 So that's a multi multi node relationship. 09:56.750 --> 10:03.470 Instantiation last before we go on to the next subject, so when we talk about instantiation, we mean 10:03.830 --> 10:10.400 that that is a special kind of relation that is between an object and the property or an object of a 10:10.400 --> 10:10.850 concept. 10:10.860 --> 10:16.400 So that kind of a relation that goes over a meta meta level boundary. 10:17.270 --> 10:23.600 So that is the relation between the things that we tend to think out there and the things that we know 10:23.600 --> 10:24.770 that we have in our mind. 10:24.890 --> 10:28.760 So it's instantiate a concept. 10:28.940 --> 10:34.580 So an object, instantiates a concept instead of an object being in front of another object, for example, 10:34.850 --> 10:39.110 they are both in the same atmosphere here in the same world out there. 10:39.530 --> 10:47.000 But an object instantiate a car is something that we tend to think is out there, is relating to something 10:47.000 --> 10:48.130 that we think is in here. 10:48.150 --> 10:51.500 And of course, our mind is part of the world as well. 10:51.510 --> 10:52.900 And we'll come to that later on. 10:52.910 --> 10:55.410 But you see a little bit of a subtle difference here. 10:56.570 --> 10:56.870 Good. 10:57.560 --> 11:03.140 So that was the last thing I want to talk about when it comes to properties and relations and will come 11:03.140 --> 11:04.190 back to that much later. 11:04.220 --> 11:10.370 I just want to introduce the philosophical foundation of some of the parts that we will use and the 11:10.850 --> 11:12.790 and the analysis a little bit later. 11:12.790 --> 11:15.100 Wrong, which are very important. 11:15.860 --> 11:16.370 Very good. 11:16.760 --> 11:19.940 The next thing we're going to talk about now are facts. 11:21.230 --> 11:22.070 Get to you there.