WEBVTT 00:10.550 --> 00:10.920 Hello. 00:11.330 --> 00:16.130 So now we're going to talk about facts and we're going to talk about truth, so we're going to talk 00:16.130 --> 00:18.620 about how facts are related to the truth. 00:18.920 --> 00:23.810 And then in the next election, we're also going to talk about social facts and what is also the pragmatic 00:23.810 --> 00:24.250 truth. 00:25.610 --> 00:27.920 But let's start with the simple case here. 00:28.280 --> 00:36.140 So facts or a fact, a situation that the actual world must begin to make a given proposition about 00:36.140 --> 00:36.660 the world. 00:37.850 --> 00:41.030 So the fact is called the truth maker. 00:42.080 --> 00:44.700 So that is what making the proposition true. 00:47.120 --> 00:54.980 So at any given situation, the world of objects and their properties and relations that we've talked 00:54.980 --> 00:58.130 about already is arranged in a certain way. 00:58.880 --> 01:02.310 And that certain way is what we call a fact. 01:03.830 --> 01:05.780 So let's take this example. 01:06.500 --> 01:12.740 So we have a fact here, which is seven gelo ducks in a row, right in a straight line. 01:14.390 --> 01:19.700 This is called the fact or also state of affairs is a word you probably use as well. 01:21.170 --> 01:28.460 And the proposition means to fact, and we talked both about propositions in the Speech Act and proposition 01:28.460 --> 01:29.960 as part of the intentional state. 01:30.650 --> 01:35.680 So you can have an intentional state that you maybe have represented as a seven and a duck and the colors 01:35.690 --> 01:42.320 yellow and the line or whatever, as I said said the propositional content in our intentional state 01:42.320 --> 01:44.870 doesn't have to be a sentence. 01:45.920 --> 01:53.900 And then we have this speech act with the propositional content, the component in the speech act saying 01:53.900 --> 01:55.610 seven yellow ducks in a straight line. 01:57.590 --> 02:02.450 OK, they are both pointing to the fact and it's the fact that makes them to. 02:04.740 --> 02:13.200 It's not just one object, a fact, it's more than just one object, it will at least exemplify a property. 02:13.920 --> 02:20.670 So if fact obtains, if an object exemplifies at least one property or one or more object standing in 02:20.670 --> 02:25.710 relation or a combination of those, of course, you can have multiple objects with multiple properties 02:25.710 --> 02:26.730 in relation as well. 02:26.760 --> 02:27.960 And that forms a fact. 02:28.350 --> 02:29.970 But it's not just one object. 02:30.000 --> 02:34.840 So a car is not a fact, but two cars that face each other. 02:35.160 --> 02:39.150 That's a fact because that's a relation between two objects. 02:39.390 --> 02:42.480 And we also said that the objects have the properties of being pink. 02:43.540 --> 02:46.680 OK, so in fact, it's not just one objects. 02:46.680 --> 02:50.430 It's a couple of objects sustained in relation or exemplify properties. 02:52.770 --> 03:00.330 So let's take a very simple fact here, the cat is on the mat, so that's also very common example used 03:00.450 --> 03:00.870 again. 03:02.820 --> 03:06.300 Then we have the truth maker and what is called the truth there. 03:06.330 --> 03:10.730 So the truth make it was the fact, the truth there is the actual proposition about the fact. 03:11.310 --> 03:14.380 So the proposition is that the cat is on a mat. 03:14.400 --> 03:17.690 That's the truth bearer in this meaning relation. 03:18.240 --> 03:21.710 And the fact is the truth maker in the same relation. 03:22.860 --> 03:29.970 So we actually have a relation between a fact and a proposition in our minds or in the speech act. 03:31.440 --> 03:35.610 And facts are not true or false. 03:37.660 --> 03:43.200 It's actually the propositions that are true or false when we're talking about truthiness or falsity, 03:44.260 --> 03:48.310 we are talking about that a proposition can be true or false. 03:49.300 --> 03:53.350 So another word to say something, maybe a little bit strange or complex. 03:54.010 --> 03:59.610 The truth value of a proposition is a meta linguistic property of that proposition. 03:59.620 --> 04:00.500 And what I mean with that. 04:00.820 --> 04:07.420 So in the same way that objects can have properties, we said you can look upon a statement or a proposition 04:07.420 --> 04:13.780 as an object which have properties, for example, that it is a statement or that it is a subclass. 04:14.380 --> 04:20.410 And one of those meta linguistic properties of a property of a proposition is that they have a truth, 04:20.410 --> 04:21.260 value and the truth. 04:21.280 --> 04:26.850 Well, it could be true or false, but a fact, in fact, is not true or false. 04:26.860 --> 04:29.230 A fact could obtain or fail to obtain. 04:32.320 --> 04:40.510 OK, so in the simplest case, like the cat is on a mat, you might think about that, the relation 04:40.510 --> 04:47.030 or we might think that the proposition, the or content could be like an image of the fact. 04:47.050 --> 04:52.570 So we can say that we have an image about the cat that is on the mat, that's in our propositional content 04:52.570 --> 04:54.310 in the in the intentional state. 04:54.730 --> 04:57.550 And that relates to the actual fact that the cat is on the mat. 04:57.850 --> 05:05.230 In the in the simplest case here, you might think of this as a picture, but that is just in the very 05:05.230 --> 05:10.810 simplest case, because there are loads of other examples where you cannot have that analogy analogy. 05:12.730 --> 05:19.210 So, for example, picture this instead, that the cat is not on the mat, so that is what we call a 05:19.210 --> 05:22.570 counterfactual and that also is a fact. 05:23.320 --> 05:25.330 But how could we picture that? 05:25.540 --> 05:29.890 So I can picture that like this, just picturing a cat, but no mat. 05:30.490 --> 05:34.330 But I can also equally well picture Rehmat without a cat. 05:34.630 --> 05:35.010 Right. 05:35.560 --> 05:40.210 Or I can picture a cat sitting just outside of the mouth, but not on the man. 05:40.840 --> 05:46.100 But I can also picture this like a map with a car on it and no cat. 05:46.120 --> 05:49.920 So there are kind of endless way of picturing that a cat is not on the map. 05:50.620 --> 05:52.410 So it's not that simple. 05:52.430 --> 05:57.850 They can always use the picture analogy to think about proposition's and the relationship with facts. 05:59.290 --> 06:01.300 So any conditional facts? 06:01.300 --> 06:07.840 Actually, you can say if the car would have been blue, little Timmy would not have been lying, crying 06:07.840 --> 06:09.230 or his bad bed. 06:10.660 --> 06:12.010 So that's also a fact. 06:12.130 --> 06:12.580 Right. 06:13.060 --> 06:17.350 But that is also very, very hard to think of as a picture. 06:20.200 --> 06:28.870 So facts must be thought of as any condition that makes you Proposition two, so facts are any condition 06:29.020 --> 06:31.780 that makes a proposition true, not just a picture. 06:34.520 --> 06:40.240 OK, that was a very short introduction to facts, and there are two conditions in the next election. 06:40.240 --> 06:43.190 I'm going to talk about social facts and pragmatic truth.