WEBVTT 00:09.760 --> 00:11.620 Okeydokey, so we'll back. 00:12.280 --> 00:17.920 So we have now done two lectures in facts, specifically social facts. 00:18.340 --> 00:23.510 I'm going to continue in this area talking about functions. 00:23.530 --> 00:28.660 I'm going to start talking about the general notion of a function that I'm going to go into what is 00:28.660 --> 00:35.080 called agentive functions, and then after that, what is called status functions and also institutional 00:35.080 --> 00:40.300 facts, which are facts that we create in the world. 00:40.300 --> 00:42.400 And that's how we creating actually the social world. 00:42.970 --> 00:47.060 And now we're going to actually start tying bits together in the whole. 00:48.610 --> 00:53.620 And with this, we start tying bits together from the very beginning when we start talking. 00:53.740 --> 01:00.190 When we started talking about concepts and then we went into intentionality and collective intentionality 01:00.190 --> 01:06.520 and speech acts and declarations, and now in the end, we actually see how we are using that to create 01:06.520 --> 01:07.750 our social reality. 01:09.400 --> 01:10.120 OK, very good. 01:10.450 --> 01:12.400 Let's start with what is the function then. 01:15.380 --> 01:23.010 So take a simple example, so a function is always observe a relative. 01:23.540 --> 01:31.370 What I mean without that means that it's nothing that is intrinsic in the actual object that it is of 01:31.370 --> 01:32.450 a specific function. 01:33.170 --> 01:40.670 So, for example, this metal blob on this chank, so it is a hammer because I use it as a hammer. 01:41.030 --> 01:44.580 And that what I mean what I'm saying that that it is observed relative. 01:45.710 --> 01:49.580 So Hammer is something that I have up in my mind. 01:49.580 --> 01:52.310 It's nothing that is intrinsic to the actual object. 01:53.120 --> 01:57.430 The other interesting thing about a function is that it's always part of a whole. 01:57.830 --> 02:00.320 You don't just have one thing, they'll have a function. 02:00.320 --> 02:03.920 A function is defined in the context of a number of different functions. 02:04.490 --> 02:10.880 They create a system together, so functions are contextualized, explicitly or implicitly. 02:10.880 --> 02:16.550 We might not actually think about the system as such, or we might have a general notion about the system 02:16.550 --> 02:16.940 as such. 02:17.150 --> 02:25.250 But for example, a hammer is only understood if we also understand what males are and planks are and 02:25.250 --> 02:26.600 so on and carpentering. 02:28.460 --> 02:31.940 So we assign an object and function. 02:31.940 --> 02:37.970 We assign a function to an object within the context of a number of different other functions, and 02:37.970 --> 02:41.340 they also then place a larger role in the system. 02:41.810 --> 02:44.230 So here, for example, we had a hammer to nail and the plaque. 02:46.580 --> 02:51.470 What is interesting about any system, and this is not just system that we developed will come into 02:51.470 --> 02:52.610 that a little bit later on. 02:52.610 --> 03:00.770 It's any type of system is that a system strives towards some type of perceived goal or a value or purpose. 03:02.180 --> 03:11.050 And this is actually shown quite easily, if you think of it, that because a system could always malfunction 03:11.600 --> 03:18.860 and it malfunctioned because it won't it doesn't deliver the value or it doesn't achieve the goal, 03:19.130 --> 03:20.330 that we think that it should. 03:21.110 --> 03:26.210 And hence that points to that we actually implicitly or explicitly always define a goal for the system. 03:27.830 --> 03:34.910 So, for example, the goal for this system could potentially be to create a shelter because we like 03:35.000 --> 03:37.460 to not get wet or freeze and so on. 03:41.020 --> 03:50.050 But that also means that if function or a system always exist on a background, so we had this notion 03:50.050 --> 03:55.270 of the intentional network that we talked about and that the network is grounded in the background, 03:55.690 --> 04:02.440 that means that the whole all types of functions that we create are always also existing relative to 04:02.500 --> 04:03.670 background knowledge. 04:04.690 --> 04:09.550 So I use hammers to drive nails into planks, and I use planks to build a house, which is the shelter. 04:09.550 --> 04:12.340 I need shelter because otherwise I would freeze as on so on. 04:12.670 --> 04:19.240 We talk about that in the international network here, but that will also be grounded out in very more 04:19.240 --> 04:21.420 like abilities that John of puts it. 04:21.700 --> 04:24.850 So they are not even intentional states anymore. 04:24.880 --> 04:31.230 They're just there in the background or as which as I say, said the hurly-burly of human activity. 04:32.710 --> 04:37.530 So that also means that no purpose, goal or value, no function. 04:38.200 --> 04:38.680 Right. 04:39.470 --> 04:42.880 And this is actually also true for biophysical functions. 04:42.880 --> 04:48.130 So it's not only functions in terms of systems that we develop and create ourselves, it's any type 04:48.130 --> 04:55.470 of system because the system is always either created by us or used to explain some natural phenomena. 04:55.810 --> 05:01.480 But the system doesn't exist in the natural as a natural kind. 05:02.830 --> 05:07.970 So, for example, biological functions are also sign in respect of some higher value or purpose. 05:08.470 --> 05:13.780 So, for example, take this so we have a heart, we have a liver and we have some kidneys. 05:14.170 --> 05:19.660 And they have the function of being a circulation pump and detoxification and the waste removal part 05:19.960 --> 05:21.030 in this human body. 05:21.850 --> 05:27.520 So this function serves a role in the explanation of a theory about human bodies. 05:28.180 --> 05:28.600 Right. 05:28.990 --> 05:32.850 And the higher value here is human survival in the end life. 05:33.700 --> 05:43.120 But let's say that the higher value is not life and human survival, but should be human destruction 05:43.120 --> 05:43.600 instead. 05:44.120 --> 05:47.260 Then you see directly that all those functions are actually malfunctioning. 05:48.880 --> 05:54.370 So what I'm saying here, does any type of system, even if we use a system just for explaining some 05:54.370 --> 06:01.510 phenomena, is defined in terms of that it strives for a higher value or goal or purpose. 06:03.350 --> 06:08.300 So if we change the value, then the functions will also implicitly or explicitly change. 06:10.920 --> 06:16.950 Then there is another very interesting type of function here, and that's the functions created using 06:16.950 --> 06:21.900 language, they are called at least by several stages functions. 06:23.340 --> 06:29.640 So as a special type of agentive function, Magento functions are any type of function that we are assigned 06:29.640 --> 06:31.260 that we otherwise assign to objects. 06:31.680 --> 06:37.720 For example, like a hammer by the special type of agented function is the status function because the 06:37.740 --> 06:42.810 how in the hammer case, I don't need to use the language to define it, but for a state as function, 06:42.810 --> 06:45.040 that is something that I declare. 06:45.300 --> 06:49.560 And here it comes back to the Declaration Speech Act, which is so important in this. 06:50.130 --> 06:53.600 So I can say holding up this bit of paper with ink on it. 06:53.730 --> 06:57.720 John, famous example, this hereby counts as money in this room. 06:59.430 --> 07:01.830 So I can just uttered those words. 07:01.980 --> 07:09.300 And if everybody agrees on it and accept my declaration, that piece of paper that I have in my hand 07:09.300 --> 07:10.530 actually becomes money. 07:13.220 --> 07:18.500 And this is also very notable, so if you have just one dollar bill, you can actually read this declaration 07:18.500 --> 07:19.480 directly on the bill. 07:19.490 --> 07:23.320 It actually says that this note is legal tender for all debts, public and private. 07:23.750 --> 07:33.020 So that is the declaration that has been actually and emphasized on the actual dollar bill, which is 07:33.020 --> 07:41.450 quite important and interesting, at least I would say so in the very general form. 07:41.630 --> 07:48.410 John Surrell actually defines this as Excalibur's Y in C, so we have an X, which is any type of object 07:49.580 --> 07:52.910 and that all count as Y, that's the role or the function. 07:53.360 --> 07:54.170 The state is functioning. 07:54.170 --> 08:02.060 You apply assigned to it and it functions as y in the context, see. 08:04.570 --> 08:09.760 We impose functions on objects using this declaration of the format, so, for example, this bit of 08:09.760 --> 08:14.560 paper with ink on it, as I said before, counterfeit money in Sweden, for example. 08:17.800 --> 08:25.790 And then the very interesting thing here, in the same way, we when we looked at generativity in language 08:25.790 --> 08:31.270 and syntax, recursion, more or less does the rest for us, because once we have created one thing, 08:32.260 --> 08:38.530 what we call a status function using this declaration and we have signed on to a specific object in 08:38.530 --> 08:43.510 the world, then we could actually assign functions to that functions and functions to that function 08:43.520 --> 08:45.140 and functions to that function and so on. 08:45.580 --> 08:53.590 So it becomes an ever increasingly complex system and that is the way we actually create social reality 08:53.920 --> 08:54.580 more or less. 08:55.300 --> 09:03.790 That boils down to that very simple thing we declare state is functions with a simple formula of X count 09:03.790 --> 09:06.440 as Y in C, and then we do that recursion. 09:07.270 --> 09:14.620 So let's look at the little bit more complex example where this is done and a number of steps, how 09:14.620 --> 09:17.380 we actually do this more practically. 09:18.130 --> 09:24.130 So let's say that we first declare a system, so we use declarations to declare a number of functions 09:24.130 --> 09:25.040 within the system. 09:25.420 --> 09:31.270 So, for example, money, money, issuing central bank and state, those are all declarations. 09:31.270 --> 09:33.100 They are created using declarations. 09:33.550 --> 09:39.250 So we say, for example, that that is hereby a concept called money, which the central bank in our 09:39.250 --> 09:40.660 state is allowed to issue. 09:40.660 --> 09:44.200 And before that, of course, we have done the same with central bank and state and so on. 09:45.490 --> 09:52.330 So but then the second step here is that we need to get this recognized and accepted by the people living 09:52.330 --> 09:59.590 within this context or existing within this context, because otherwise it would only be we or me maybe 09:59.590 --> 10:00.360 that thinks this. 10:01.630 --> 10:08.680 So we need to have a collective acceptance about this step to then step three, then we can actually 10:08.680 --> 10:18.380 instantiate those new concepts were created onto specific objects, and that is the declaration as well. 10:18.400 --> 10:24.910 So then we can say that this institution pointing to whatever we're pointing to, count as the central 10:24.910 --> 10:26.020 bank in our state. 10:26.800 --> 10:31.360 So now we actually have an already declared institution of some kind. 10:31.720 --> 10:35.560 And then we put a new function on top of that institution. 10:35.740 --> 10:40.630 We assign that new status function to that institution, and that is the status function of being a 10:40.630 --> 10:41.380 central bank. 10:42.310 --> 10:47.920 And then again, we need to get the instantiation recognized and accepted by the crown. 10:50.530 --> 10:58.450 Then fifth, we let this institution then do its function that is declaring that paper with some ink 10:58.450 --> 11:02.620 on it actually should count as money in the country. 11:03.520 --> 11:10.060 See, in these, for example, in Sweden or in in the U.S. So we said that this paper counters money 11:10.060 --> 11:10.990 in our state. 11:11.980 --> 11:14.340 So that's step five and then step six. 11:14.350 --> 11:20.080 We also, since we already have trusted the central bank to do this for us because we already accepted 11:20.080 --> 11:30.040 that declaration, then we implicitly also trust the central bank to do this assignment onto this specific 11:31.090 --> 11:31.540 paper. 11:33.130 --> 11:40.390 So that was kind of one to six of very important steps to simplify how this actually happened in the 11:40.390 --> 11:49.090 real world, how we buy using this very simple formula or X, Y and Z in recursion creates very complex 11:49.090 --> 11:49.630 systems. 11:52.340 --> 11:57.260 But then there is an even more maybe interesting part of this, and that is that you can have what is 11:57.260 --> 12:03.890 called free-standing y terms so you can have status functions existing in thin air, so to speak. 12:04.260 --> 12:06.340 There is no object on the line. 12:07.310 --> 12:08.770 So you can have functions that exist. 12:08.770 --> 12:13.010 The only thing that you can actually have a status function without the X in it. 12:13.310 --> 12:16.500 And they are called Free-standing Y terms by Johnson here. 12:17.090 --> 12:22.400 So if we take this concrete example where we have an X, so we have a normal status function, you have 12:22.400 --> 12:32.180 you hereby count as the precedent, as someone that wanted to have that power, of course, could issue 12:32.180 --> 12:33.950 such a declaration. 12:35.990 --> 12:38.930 But then we have it in relation to that. 12:38.930 --> 12:41.180 We have a freestanding YTN y term. 12:41.210 --> 12:45.590 So this hereby count as a corporation then we don't actually have any X at all. 12:45.980 --> 12:51.940 We just declare that a state is function exist or instantiates the state function, I should say. 12:52.610 --> 12:58.990 So we instantiate a stagers function just out of thin air and that is also very, very interesting. 12:59.960 --> 13:05.390 So those objects that we create here, for example, everybody would probably agree that a corporation 13:05.390 --> 13:06.640 is something that exist. 13:06.650 --> 13:07.190 Right. 13:07.460 --> 13:10.210 But there is nothing to actually put your hands on here. 13:10.970 --> 13:11.870 You cannot touch. 13:11.880 --> 13:14.690 It's not just a paper is not just a building. 13:14.690 --> 13:15.980 It's not just the people. 13:17.000 --> 13:23.250 It's this thetas function declaration assignment that created the corporation from the beginning. 13:24.470 --> 13:26.330 So it boils down to the declaration. 13:28.820 --> 13:34.340 And I should and you should also remember, as we said, so this is nothing. 13:34.430 --> 13:36.550 So we cannot do this without language. 13:36.680 --> 13:41.540 So this is we cannot just think I just created a corporation. 13:42.080 --> 13:43.900 We must use the language for it. 13:43.910 --> 13:46.280 And here's one of the key points. 13:46.700 --> 13:54.410 Why human beings have been able to create societies that we have because we have a language and we have 13:54.410 --> 13:55.910 something called declarations. 13:56.370 --> 13:57.380 You cannot do that. 13:57.530 --> 13:58.970 We just intentional states. 13:59.990 --> 14:07.430 That's very, very important and very, very interesting to think about, actually the important role 14:07.430 --> 14:08.060 of language here. 14:09.650 --> 14:11.720 So we actually have three things here. 14:12.560 --> 14:14.810 We have collective intentionality. 14:15.200 --> 14:18.530 We have declaration, speech acts and we have recursions. 14:19.460 --> 14:24.320 And with those three tools, we actually create our social world. 14:25.970 --> 14:29.900 And this reality exists in our collective minds. 14:31.780 --> 14:39.640 So this also ties together all the three different corners of the triangle, and I'm going to talk about 14:39.640 --> 14:43.750 that a little bit in the summary part, which is a separate lecture after this. 14:44.440 --> 14:49.660 But maybe already you can start seeing that we actually have things that we literally think exist. 14:50.020 --> 14:54.820 But when we try to analyze them, we see that they only exist in our collective intention attentional 14:54.820 --> 14:55.210 state. 14:57.420 --> 15:05.100 So these are very different objects, because if we think about human beings, bacteria, Sundari, 15:05.100 --> 15:11.010 Mountain Earth, and then think about hammers and tables and computer screwdrivers for engine and thermometers, 15:11.340 --> 15:15.840 and then we think about university degrees, birthday parties, precedent, money, loan and insurance. 15:16.380 --> 15:19.780 You see that they form kind of three very different classes of things. 15:20.640 --> 15:23.720 So we have two things here that exist independently of us. 15:24.000 --> 15:28.140 So even if we not around, there will still be this tree. 15:28.140 --> 15:31.290 I think everybody could agree that if you're not into solipsism. 15:34.960 --> 15:39.260 Then we have this on the class of things that exist just because we use them as such. 15:39.280 --> 15:44.130 So they are phenomena that arise because we are using the things in a certain way. 15:44.410 --> 15:51.070 So we use this blob and Chank together to drive those nails and then it becomes a hammer. 15:51.910 --> 15:52.360 Right. 15:53.140 --> 15:58.920 And then we have actually things that exist because we have jointly declared them to do so. 15:58.930 --> 16:02.860 So we have used language to create social reality. 16:03.520 --> 16:04.060 Very good. 16:04.390 --> 16:11.410 So that was actually the last lecture in this call when we are looking at the three corners in the Aldrich's 16:11.410 --> 16:11.910 triangle. 16:12.250 --> 16:17.350 So, no, I'm going to do kind of a little bit of analysis of what we've done so far to see if we can 16:17.350 --> 16:22.330 unify those corners a little bit better and see that they are they are definitely not. 16:22.330 --> 16:23.550 So separate us. 16:23.560 --> 16:24.610 Three different corners. 16:25.840 --> 16:27.190 Very good to see you there.